Login
Quotation list
Shopping cart
Get in contact +31(0)26 370 6830

Tools

Technical reference tools – calculators for pneumatics, valves and instrumentation

When selecting valves, pneumatic cylinders, air hoses or instruments, you regularly work with different units of measurement and standards. This page provides technical tools grouped by subject: valves (ISO 5211, Kv/Cv, flanges), pneumatics (cylinder force, air consumption, thread dimensions), engineering (steam tables, expansion joints, IP classes, thermal expansion), instrumentation (media database, pH, ORP, conductivity, turbidity), materials (chemical resistance table) and unit conversion (pressure, flow, temperature, weight).



Technical tools by subject

Each tool opens as a collapsible section, grouped by subject. Click a section to start the calculation.

— Valves & Flanges —

In valves, the square shaft (stem) protrudes upwards. The actuator slides over the shaft with its square bore. Shaft side s = width of the square shaft (mm). Protrusion height L = how far the shaft extends above the flange plate.

Bovenaanzicht Zijaanzicht A–A Detail: montage actuator A A PCD s Boutboring ⌀ Vierkante as (stronk) Afsluiterlichaam Flensring montage L s t Flensbreedte D Actuator (gat over as) Vierkante as (stronk) Boutboring Flensplaat Afsluiter (gestipp.) Actuator Gat (vierk.) As (stronk) Flensplaat Afsluiter Vierkante as / stronk Actuator (gestippeld = losneembaar) Afsluiterlichaam / flensring s = zijde vierkante as (mm) L = uitsteekhoogte as boven flensplaat (mm) PCD = boutcirkeldiameter (mm)
Look up flange
Actuator ↔ valve

Kv ↔ Cv conversion

Kv berekenen: Q, ΔP, SG

Kv = Q × √(SG / ΔP)  |  Cv = Kv × 1,156

Bovenaanzicht Zijaanzicht (doorsnede B–B) B B D PCD d/2 n × ⌀ PCD (boutcirkel) D (buitendiameter) Aanlasneus Leidingboring d Pakkingvlak t RF D d (leidingboring) PCD h Pakkingvlak (RF) Boutboring Flensbody Aanlasdeel Flensvlaktypes FF – Flat Face Vlak pakkingvlak, PN ≤ 16 RF – Raised Face Verhoogd vlak, standaard EN/ASME MFM – Male/Female Male/Female koppeling, hogere PN RTJ – Ring Joint Ringpakking, Class ≥ 600 D buitendiameter PCD boutcirkeldiameter t flensdikte d leidingboring h aanlaashoogte RF raised face hoogte EN 1092-1 PN 6 / 10 / 16 / 25 / 40 / 63 / 100 | Typen 01 t/m 13 ASME B16.5 Class 150 / 300 / 400 / 600 / 900 / 1500 / 2500
PN ↔ Class
EN 1092-1
ANSI B16.5

PN → ANSI Class (indicatief)

PNANSI ClassMax. druk (bar)
PN 6Class 506
PN 10Class 7510
PN 16Class 15016
PN 25Class 25025
PN 40Class 30040
PN 63Class 40063
PN 100Class 600100
PN 160Class 900160
PN 250Class 1500250
PN 420Class 2500420

Beschikbare klassen

EN 1092-1:

PN 6PN 10PN 16PN 25PN 40PN 63PN 100PN 160PN 250

ANSI/ASME B16.5:

Class 150Class 300Class 400Class 600Class 900Class 1500Class 2500
— Pneumatics —

Enkelvoudig werkend (uitschuiven)

Dubbelwerkend

F = P × A × η  |  Extension: A = π/4 × D²  |  Retraction: A = π/4 × (D² − d²)  |  Default efficiency 90%

Luchtverbruik dubbelwerkende cilinder (per cyclus)

Maximum air hose flow capacity

Meetdata luchtdoorlaat Ebora luchtslangen 6 bar.
6/4 8/6 10/8 12/10

Based on Ebora measurement data at 6 bar. Hose tolerances and routing effects not included. Source: www.luchtslang.eu

BSP (G/R)
Metric (M)
NPT

BSPP (G) = parallel, only in BSPP female thread. BSPT (R) = tapered, in both straight and tapered female thread. The code indicates the historical pipe size — not the actual diameter.

Code (G/R)Pitch (tpi)Female thread ø min (mm)Male thread ø max (mm)Application

Metric screw thread (ISO 68-1). M-size = nominal outer diameter. Pitch in mm.

CodePitch (mm)Core diameter ø (mm)Outer diameter ø (mm)Application
M50,83,965,0Sensoren, kleine fittingen
M61,04,776,0Kleine fittingen, instrumenten
M81,256,478,0Fittingen, pneumatiek
M101,58,1610,0Flensbout DN15–DN25
M121,759,8512,0Flensbout DN25–DN65
M162,013,5516,0Flensbout DN65–DN150
M202,516,9320,0Flensbout DN100–DN250
M243,020,3224,0Flensbout DN150–DN300
M273,023,3227,0Flensbout DN250–DN400
M303,525,7130,0Flensbout DN300–DN500
M333,528,7133,0Flensbout DN400+
M364,031,0936,0Flensbout grote diameters

NPT (National Pipe Taper) = American tapered thread. Veelgebruikt bij Amerikaanse instrumenten en fittingen. TPI = threads per inch.

NPT codeTPIFemale thread ø (mm)Male thread ø (mm)Equivalent BSP
1/8" NPT278,710,3G1/8"
1/4" NPT1811,413,6G1/4"
3/8" NPT1814,917,1G3/8"
1/2" NPT1418,321,3G1/2"
3/4" NPT1423,626,7G3/4"
1" NPT11,529,733,4G1"
1 1/4" NPT11,538,142,2G1 1/4"
1 1/2" NPT11,544,248,3G1 1/2"
2" NPT11,556,160,3G2"

NPT and BSP are NOT interchangeable: different thread angle (60° vs 55°) and different pitch. Always use the correct mating thread.

— Engineering & Process Instrumentation —
Verzadigde stoom
Oververhitte stoom
Stoomkwaliteit (x)

Enter the steam pressure. The table shows the saturated condition: temperatuur, specific volume of liquid (v') and steam (v''), latent heat (r) and enthalpy (h', h'').

Verzadigde stoom – referentietabel

p (bar abs)T (°C)v' (m³/kg)v'' (m³/kg)h' (kJ/kg)r (kJ/kg)h'' (kJ/kg)

Enter pressure and temperature (temperature must be higher than the saturation temperature at that pressure). De tabel toont specifieke entalpie h, entropie s en soortelijk volume v van oververhitte stoom.

Oververhitte stoom bij geselecteerde druk – overzicht per temperatuur

T (°C)h (kJ/kg)s (kJ/kg·K)v (m³/kg)

Steam quality x (also called dryness fraction) indicates what proportion of wet steam consists of vapour (x=0 = fully liquid, x=1 = dry saturated steam). Enter pressure en één van de andere grootheden in.

Wet steam is a mixture of liquid and vapour at saturation temperature. x = (h − h') / r  |  x = (v − v') / (v'' − v')

Axial expansion joint
Lateral expansion joint
Vuistregels

An axial expansion joint absorbs length changes along the pipe axis. De benodigde slag is gelijk aan de thermische uitzetting van het leidingdeel tussen de vaste punten.

Slag compensator = ΔL + veiligheidsmarge (10–20%). Kies een compensator met een nominale slag ≥ berekende slag.

A lateral expansion joint absorbs lateral displacements (haaks op de leidingrichting). De laterale slag is afhankelijk van de installatielengte en de toegestane hoekafwijking per golf.

Hoekafwijking per golf = δ / (L/n) in rad. Richtwaarde: max. 15° per golf voor metalen balg, max. 10° voor PTFE/kunststof.

MediumMateriaal balgMax. temp.Max. drukVuistregel slag
Stoom, heet waterRVS 316L400°C16 barΔL + 20% marge
Kouwater, HVACRVS 304120°C10 barΔL + 15% marge
Zuren, logenPTFE-bekleed180°C6 barΔL + 25% marge
VacuümRVS 316L200°C−1 bar2× ΔL
Chloor, oxidantenPTFE150°C6 barΔL + 30% marge
Kunststof leidingenEPDM/rubber80°C6 barHoge slag door grote α

Vaste punten: plaats ankerpunten aan beide zijden van de compensator. Glijpunten: plaats om de 2–3 m bij kunststof, om de 6–10 m bij staal. Raadpleeg altijd de fabrikant voor definitieve dimensionering.

Axiale slag
Laterale & angulaire slag
Rubber vs metal bellows

Een rubber compensator (slangelement, manchet) absorbeert thermische uitzetting in de leidingrichting. De axiale slag is de maximale compressie + extensie.

Standaard slag rubber compensatoren (DN25–DN600)

DNAxiale compressie (mm)Axiale extensie (mm)Max. druk (bar)Aanbevolen temp. (°C)
DN25–DN506–106–1010–16–20 tot +100
DN65–DN10010–1510–1510–16–20 tot +100
DN125–DN20015–2015–206–10–20 tot +100
DN250–DN40020–2520–256–10–20 tot +100
DN500–DN60020–3020–304–6–20 tot +80

Laterale slag = zijdelingse verschuiving haaks op de leidingrichting. Angulaire slag = hoekafwijking (graden). Rubber compensatoren combineren doorgaans alle drie bewegingen.

Rubber expansion joints can simultaneously absorb axial, lateral and angular displacements. Bij gecombineerde belasting de afzonderlijke slagen proportioneel reduceren (som van fracties = 1).

Rubber expansion joint (sleeve/liner)

PropertyValue
Max. temperatureEPDM: 130°C | NBR: 90°C | Silicone: 180°C
Max. pressure6–16 bar (DN-afhankelijk)
Axial stroke±6–30 mm
Lateral stroke±5–20 mm
Angular movement±5–15°
Noise attenuationExcellent (vibration isolation)
Chemical resistanceDepends on rubber type
PriceLow to medium
Service life5–15 jaar (UV-gevoelig)
ApplicationHVAC, water, pumps, drainage

Metal bellows expansion joint (SS 316L)

PropertyValue
Max. temperatureUp to 800°C (material dependent)
Max. pressureTot 40 bar (DN-afhankelijk)
Axial stroke±5–200 mm (meer golven = meer slag)
Lateral strokeLimited without tie rods
Angular movementLimited without hinge
Noise attenuationModerate
Chemical resistanceExcellent (SS 316L/Hastelloy)
PriceMedium to high
Service life15–30 jaar
ApplicationSteam, chemical, high temp./pressure

Uitzetting berekenen

ΔL = α × L × ΔT  |  α = linear expansion coefficient (mm/m°C)

Thermal expansion coefficients

Materiaalα (mm/m·°C)Max. temp. (°C)Application
Carbon steel (S235/St37)0.012400Steel pipes, flanges
Stainless steel (316/316L)0.016800Process installations, hygienic
PVC-U0.08060Cold water, chemical
PVC-C0.07090Hot water, chlorine
PP / PP-H0.150100Chemical, alkalis, acids
PVDF0.130140Aggressive chemical
PE (HDPE)0.20080Water, gas
Copper0.017250Cooling water, gas
Look up IP class
Environmental conditions → IP
IP vs NEMA

IP staat voor Ingress Protection (IEC 60529). Het eerste cijfer = protection against solid particles (0–6). The second digit = protection against liquids (0–9K).

Select your industry or environmental conditions for the recommended minimum IP class.

Or set manually:

IP-klasse (IEC 60529)NEMA equivalentBeschrijving
IP20NEMA 1Indoor equipment, no liquid protection
IP22NEMA 2Druppelwaterbescherming indoor
IP44NEMA 3RSpatwaterbestendig, buiten eenvoudig
IP54NEMA 3SStofbeschermd + spatwater
IP55NEMA 3Stofbeschermd + waterstralen
IP65NEMA 4Volledig stofvrij + directe waterstralen alle richtingen
IP66NEMA 4XVolledig stofvrij + krachtige waterstralen (hogedruk) + corrosiebestendig
IP67NEMA 6Volledig stofvrij + tijdelijk onderwater tot 1 m diepte (30 min)
IP68NEMA 6PVolledig stofvrij + continu onderwater (fabrikant specificeert diepte/duur)
IP69KNEMA 4X (hoge druk)Hogedrukreiniging met stoom (voedselverwerkende industrie)

Dust-tight (IP6X) = no dust ingress possible, ook bij langdurig contact met fijn poeder. Dit is een hogere eis dan stofbeschermd (IP5X), waarbij beperkte insluiping is toegestaan zolang dit geen storing veroorzaakt. Alle IP65 t/m IP69K-klassen zijn stofvrij (eerste cijfer 6).
NEMA-normen (VS) omvatten ook bescherming tegen corrosie, ijs en explosiegevaar en zijn niet directe equivalenten van IP-klassen.

— Instrumentation & Measurement —

Zoek op medium. Values are reference values at 20°C unless otherwise stated. EC = electrical conductivity.

MediumpH (at 20°C)EC (µS/cm)Viscosity (mPa·s)Density (kg/m³)Note

Values are indicative. Exact values depend on temperature, concentration and composition. Raadpleeg de leverancier voor exacte proceswaarden.

pH
ORP (mV)

pH ↔ H¹+ concentratie

pH schaal

024678101214
pH 7 – Neutraal
MediumpHValve material
Conc. acid (HCl, H²SO&sup4;)0–2PTFE, PVDF, PVC
Weak acid (acetic acid)2–4EPDM, PTFE, PVC, RVS 316
Drinking water, neutral6–8Alle gangbare materialen
Alkaline (ammonia)10–12EPDM, PP, PTFE
NaOH concentrated12–14EPDM, PP, PTFE (niet FKM)

ORP waarde interpreteren

-800 mV0+800 mV
ApplicationORP (mV)Character
Swimming pool disinfection+650–+750Strongly oxidising
Drinking water treatment+400–+600Oxidising
Process water+200–+400Mildly oxidising
Groundwater-100–+200Neutral
Wastewater (anaerobic)-100–-300Reducing
Heavily reduced environment<-500Corrosion risk steel

Unit conversion

TDS berekenen (µS/cm → ppm)

Factor 0.5 = NaCl | 0.67 = drinking water | 0.7 = mixed ions

Typical values

MediumConductivityTDS (ppm)
Ultra pure water<0,1 µS/cm<0,05
Demineralised water0,1–10 µS/cm<5
Drinking water (NL)200–800 µS/cm100–500
Swimming pool water800–3.000 µS/cm500–2.000
Seawater45.000–55.000 µS/cm30.000–40.000

Unit conversion

NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) and FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) are virtually equivalent at low turbidity. FTU en NTU zijn voor praktische doeleinden gelijkwaardig. EBC wordt gebruikt in de brouwerij-industrie (1 EBC ˜ 0,25 NTU).

Typical turbidity values by application

Medium / applicationTurbidity (NTU)Class
Ultra puur water (UPW/WFI)< 0,1 NTUExceptionally clear
Drinkwater (WHO norm)< 1 NTUDrinking water quality
Drinkwater (EU norm)< 4 NTUAcceptable
Swimming pool water< 0,5 NTUSwimming pool standard
Proceswater industrieel1–50 NTUModerately clear
Regenwater / oppervlaktewater10–500 NTUTurbid
Rioolwater (onbehandeld)100–1000 NTUHeavily turbid
Pils/bier (gefiltreerd)0,3–1,5 EBCClear
Witbier (ongefilterd)30–150 EBCTurbid
— Materials & Chemical Resistance —
A = Resistant B = Limited C = Not resistant = N.v.t.
Medium Temp. Conc. Elastomers Plastics Metals
EPDMNBRFKMPTFE PVC-UPVC-CPP/PP-HPVDF RVS 304RVS 316316L

Chemical resistance ratings are indicative. Always consult the manufacturer when in doubt, at high concentrations or elevated temperatures.

— Unit Conversion —

1 bar = 14.504 psi = 100 kPa = 1000 mbar = 0.1 MPa = 0.987 atm

DNd-maat (PVC/PP)InchNPSOD staal (mm)OD PVC/PP (mm)

OD = outer diameter. DN is a nominal designation with no direct link to the actual dimension. De d-maat is de buitendiameter van kunststof (PVC/PP) buizen per ISO 1452/EN 1401. Voorbeeld: DN200 staal heeft OD 219,1 mm; DN200 PVC/PP is d225 (OD 225 mm). Stalen en kunststof leidingen in dezelfde DN-klasse zijn not directly interchangeable — gebruik een verloopstuk of controleer de flensmaten.

Specifiek volume = 1 / dichtheid. Water bij 4°C: 0,001 m³/kg. Stoom bij 100°C, 1 bar: ca. 1,672 m³/kg.

— Other —
Edelgassen Alkali Aardalkalik. Overgangsmet. Niet-metalen Halogenen Lanthaniden Actiniden
MediumCapaciteit (indicatief)
Floppy disk 3,5" HD1,44 MB
CD (74 min)650 MB
DVD (1-zijdig, 1 laag)4,7 GB
DVD (2-laags, 1-zijdig)8,5 GB
Blu-ray (single layer)25 GB
Blu-ray (dual layer)50 GB


Pneumatic cylinder force, air consumption and hose flow

The force of a pneumatic cylinder is determined by the pressure, bore diameter and efficiency (typically 85–95%). During extension the full piston area is active; during retraction the rod diameter reduces the effective area, resulting in lower pulling force. Air consumption per cycle depends on stroke volume, system pressure and cycles per minute. The air flow capacity of air hoses is based on Ebora measurement data at 6 bar for hose sizes 6/4, 8/6, 10/8 and 12/10 mm. Hose tolerances and routing effects are not included.



Thread dimensions – BSP, metric and NPT

Bij pneumatic fittings and valves, three thread systems are used. BSP (British Standard Pipe) is de Europese standaard voor leidingaansluitingen — de code geeft de historische pijpmaat aan, niet de werkelijke diameter. BSPP (G) is parallel en wordt alleen in BSPP binnendraad gemonteerd; BSPT (R) is conisch en past in zowel rechte als conische binnendraad. NPT is de Amerikaanse equivalent — niet uitwisselbaar met BSP vanwege een andere tophoek (60° vs 55°). Metrische draad wordt gebruikt voor flensbouten en sensoren.



Thermal expansion and metal expansion joints

Plastic pipes expand considerably more than steel pipes. PP has a thermal expansion coefficient of 0.15 mm/m·°C — ten times higher than carbon steel (0.012 mm/m·°C). A 20 m PP pipe with a temperature difference of 40°C already expands by 120 mm, requiring an expansion joint. Axial expansion joints absorb length changes along the pipe direction; lateral joints absorb sideways displacements. Always select an expansion joint with a stroke that exceeds the calculated expansion by at least 15–20%.



Flanges and pressure classes – EN 1092-1 and ANSI B16.5

The European standard EN 1092-1 uses PN classes; the American standard ANSI/ASME B16.5 uses Class designations. The flange drawing shows the outer diameter (D), bolt circle diameter (PCD), bolt holes and flange thickness (t). The flange tool provides all dimensions per DN/NPS and pressure class.



Steam tables – saturated and superheated steam

Stoom wordt in industrie breed ingezet als verwarmingsmedium, energiedrager en reinigingsmiddel. De stoomtabellen op deze pagina zijn gebaseerd op de IAPWS-IF97 standaard en geven per druk de verzadigingstemperatuur, specific volume of liquid and vapour, latent heat and enthalpy. For superheated steam (temperatuur hoger dan de verzadigingstemperatuur bij de gegeven druk) zijn ook entropie en soortelijk volume beschikbaar. Steam quality x indicates what fraction of wet steam is vapour: x=0 is fully liquid, x=1 is dry saturated steam.



Media database – pH, conductivity and viscosity

When selecting pressure sensors, flowmeters and valves, the properties of the medium are decisive. The media database shows reference values for pH, electrical conductivity (EC in µS/cm), dynamic viscosity (in mPa·s) and density for more than 30 common media — from drinking water and seawater to acids, alkalis, oils and food products. Search directly by medium name.



IP protection classes by industry – IEC 60529 and NEMA

The IP class (Ingress Protection, IEC 60529) indicates how well a housing is protected against dust and moisture. In the dairy and food processing industry, IP69K is the standard: equipment is cleaned daily with high-pressure washers (CIP/SIP) at high temperatures. Water authorities and drinking water utilities use IP67 for pump chambers and outdoor installations. In general industry, IP65 is sufficient for most applications with spray water or coolant. Pressure sensors and flowmeters for outdoor or process environments are minimum IP65. The IP tool on this page provides the recommended class with explanation per selected industry, plus conversion to NEMA classes.

Turbidity – NTU, FNU, EBC and ppm

Turbidity is a measure of how much a liquid scatters light due to suspended particles. NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) and FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) are the most commonly used units in water treatment and process industry. Drinking water must comply with a turbidity of less than 1 NTU (WHO) or 4 NTU (EU). EBC is used in the brewing industry. The turbidity converter on this page converts directly between all common units.



Frequently asked questions about technical calculators

How many bar is 1 psi?
1 psi (pound per square inch) equals 0.06895 bar. Conversely, 1 bar equals 14.504 psi. This is a common conversion for American and British equipment. In European industry, bar is the standard; ANSI/ASME standards use psi. The pressure converter on this page also converts to kPa, MPa, atm and kgf/cm².

What is the Kv value and how do I calculate it?
The Kv value (flow coefficient) indicates how many m³/h of water flows through a valve at 1 bar pressure differential and 20°C. The formula for liquids is: Kv = Q × v(SG / ΔP), where Q is the volume flow in m³/h, SG is the specific gravity relative to water, and ΔP is the pressure differential across the valve in bar. The American equivalent is Cv (in GPM): Cv = Kv × 1.156. A Kv that is too small causes excessive pressure loss; a Kv that is too large leads to poor control behaviour.

What are the ISO 5211 flange dimensions for F07?
ISO 5211:2001 flange F07 has an outer diameter d1 of 90 mm, a pilot bore d2 of 55 mm, a bolt circle diameter PCD (d3) of 70 mm, 4 bolts M8, a shaft side s of 17 mm (preferred) and a minimum engagement length l5 of 19 mm. The maximum torque is 250 Nm. F07 is used for ball valves DN40–DN100 and butterfly valves DN50–DN150.

How does DN differ from the actual outer diameter?
DN (Diamètre Nominal) is a nominal designation with no direct link to the actual diameter. DN15 steel pipe has an outer diameter of 21.3 mm; a PVC-U d20 pipe has an outer diameter of 20 mm. For valve selection, DN is the leading designation. Always verify the actual outer diameter when connecting steel to plastic piping.

Which IP class is required in the food processing industry?
In the food processing and dairy industry, IP69K is the standard. Equipment is cleaned daily with high-pressure washers (CIP/SIP) at temperatures up to 80°C and pressures up to 80 bar. IP69K guarantees protection against this type of cleaning. Minimum IP65 is required for all equipment in production areas; IP67 for locations with risk of temporary immersion.

What is the difference between PN 16 and ANSI Class 150?
PN 16 (DIN 2501/EN 1092-1) and ANSI Class 150 (ASME B16.5) are both pressure classes that allow a comparable maximum pressure at room temperature (approx. 16 bar and 19.6 bar at 20°C respectively). However, the bolt patterns and outer diameters are NOT interchangeable. A PN 16 flange DN100 has a PCD of 180 mm with 8 holes M16; an ANSI Class 150 4" flange has a PCD of 190.5 mm with 8 holes 5/8" UNC. Never mix without an adapter.

What does the chemical resistance table show for EPDM with NaOH?
EPDM is resistant (A) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) up to 10% at 20°C and at 50% up to 40°C. FKM/Viton is unsuitable (C) for all NaOH concentrations. NBR has limited resistance (B) at 50% NaOH. For strongly alkaline media such as concentrated alkalis, EPDM or PTFE is preferred. Always verify the specific operating temperature and concentration in the table.



Select the right valve, cylinder or hose for your application

Using the tools on this page you can quickly determine cylinder force, Kv-waarde, ISO 5211 flensklasse, draadmaat, materiaalbestendigheid, thermische uitzetting en luchtslangdoorlaat. De gegevens zijn gebaseerd op meetdata en normen. For the definitive selection of valves, cylinders, luchtslangen of instrumentation kunt u contact opnemen via het contactformulier of bellen met +31 (0)26 370 6830.

Shopping cart

Quotation list

Clear filters

Filter

&nspb;

Cancel
Confirm